Creating a one-time virtual card backed to a physical card with a given maximum amount.Software approaches for online transactions that involve interaction with the card-issuing bank or network's web site, such as Verified by Visa and Mastercard SecureCode (implementations of Visa's 3-D Secure protocol).Because of physical distance, it is not possible for the merchant to present a keypad to the customer in these cases, so alternatives have been devised, including As of May 2009 CNP transactions made up at least 50% of all credit card fraud. While EMV technology has helped reduce crime at the point of sale, fraudulent transactions have shifted to more vulnerable telephone, Internet, and mail order transactions - known in the industry as card-not-present or CNP transactions. Checkout cashiers were expected to thumb through this booklet each and every time a credit card was presented for payment of any amount, prior to approving the transaction, which incurred a short delay. This list was commonly printed in booklet form on newsprint, in numerical order, much like a slender phone book, yet without any data aside from the list of invalid numbers. During the 1970s in the United States, many merchants subscribed to a regularly-updated list of stolen or otherwise invalid credit card numbers.

The merchant had to verify transactions over a certain currency limit by telephoning the card issuer. They did not communicate electronically with the card issuer, and the card never left the customer's sight. When credit cards were first introduced, merchants used mechanical (rather than magnetic) portable card imprinters that required carbon paper to make an imprint. Under the previous system, a customer typically had to hand their card to a sales clerk to pay for a transaction.

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